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References

  1. Kalbaugh, C.A., Kucharska-Newton, A., Wruck, L., Lund, J.L., Selvin, E., Matsushita, K., Bengston, L.G.S., Heiss, G., & Loehr, L. Peripheral Artery Disease (2017). Prevalence and incidence estimated from both outpatient and inpatient settings among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6, e003796. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003796

  2. Sigvant, B.; Lundin, F.; & Wahlberg, E. (2016). The risk of disease progression in peripheral arterial disease is higher than expected: A meta-analysis of mortality and disease progression in peripheral arterial disease. European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, 51(3), 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.10.022

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm

  4. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease

  5. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/symptoms-of-pad

  6. 5aAmerican Heart Association. (2022). Peripheral Artery Disease Symptom Checker. https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/Health-Topics/Peripheral-Artery-Disease/PAD-Symptom-Checker.pdf

  7. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/causes

  8. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/understand-your-risk-for-pad

  9. Collins, T.C.; Suarez-Alamzor, M.; & Peterson, N.J. (2006). An absent pulse is not sensitive for the early detection of peripheral arterial disease. Family Medicine, 38(1), 38-42.

References
Peripheral Arterial Disease Page

  1. American Heart Association. (n.d.). What is peripheral artery disease? Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/about-peripheral-artery-disease-padntry

  2. Gornik, H.L., et.al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.013

  3. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2024). Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S010

  4. Yahagi, K., Kolodgie, F. D., Lutter, C., Mori, H., Romero, M. E., Finn, A. V., & Virmani, R. (2017). Pathology of human coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 37(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.306256

  5. National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). ATVB in focus series on “vascular calcification in diabetes”. PMC. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5269516/

  6. PAD NAP Executive Summary. (2022).

  7. https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/Health-Topics/Peripheral-Artery-Disease/PAD-NAP-ExecSummary.pdf

  8. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral artery disease national action plan. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan

  9. SecondsCount. (n.d.). Get a pulse on PAD. Retrieved from https://www.secondscount.org/get-a-pulse-pad

  10. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2017). VHA Directive 1410 – Prevention of Amputation in Veterans Everywhere (PAVE) Program. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwilpvrLmr6KAxVyCTQIHU8nLRwQFnoECBMQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.va.gov%2Fvhapublications%2FViewPublication.asp%3Fpub_ID%3D9852&usg=AOvVaw2zrLKgAW4NGLWBTZAH4EcT&opi=89978449

  11. Smolderen, K.G., Heath, K., Scherr, T., Bauzon, S.R., Howell, A.N., & Mena-Hurtado, C. (2022). The Nevada peripheral artery disease screening effort in a Medicare Advantage population and subsequent mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 75(6), 2054-2064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2022.01.134

  12. Coke, Lola A. PhD, APRN-ACNS-BC, FAHA, FPCNA, FAAN; Dennison-Himmelfarb, Cheryl PhD, ANP, RN, FAAN. Peripheral Arterial Disease Prevention in Women: Awareness and Action. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 34(6):p 427-429, 11/12 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000617

References
The Impact and Progression of Peripheral Arterial Disease Page

  1.  American Heart Association. (n.d.). Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke. Stroke. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627#sec-3

  2. Grant, C., Cuddeback, J.K., Alabi, O., Hicks, C.W., Sadik, K., & Ciemins, E.L. (2023). Perspectives on lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A qualitative study of early diagnosis and treatment and the impact of health disparities. Population Health Management, 26(6), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2023.0095

  3. Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. (n.d.). Get a pulse on PAD: 70% of Americans lack awareness of peripheral artery disease, new survey underscores gaps. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://scai.org/get-pulse-pad-70-americans-lack-awareness-peripheral-artery-disease-new-survey-underscoring-gaps

  4. Golomb, B.A., Dang, T.T., & Criqui, M.H. (2006). Peripheral arterial disease morbidity and mortality implication. Circulation, 114(7), 688-699. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442​

  5. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease and polyvascular disease [Image]. Circulation Research. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/cms/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535/asset/0febcc6f-04f1-4566-a15d-cda9e8c04f3a/assets/images/large/circresaha.121.318535.fig03.jpg

  6. JAMA Network. (n.d.). A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. JAMA Internal Medicine. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/770033

  7. Smolderen, K. G., Ameli, O., Chaisson, C. E., Heath, K., & Mena-Hurtado, C. (2022). Peripheral Artery Disease Screening in the Community and 1-Year Mortality, Cardiovascular Events, and Adverse Limb Events. AJPM focus, 1(1), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2022.100016

  8. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral Artery Disease National Action Plan. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan

  9. Allison, M.A., Armstrong, D.G., Goodney, P.P., Hamburg, N.M., Kirksey, L., Lancaster, K.J., Mena-Hurtado, C.I., Misra, S., Treat-Jacobsen, D.J., & Solaru, K.T.W. (2023). Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 148, 286-296. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153

  10. Barnes, J.A., Eid, M.A., Creager, M.A., & Goodney, P.P. (2020). Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patient with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 40(8), 1808-1817. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314595 ​

  11. Meves, S.H., Diehm, C., Berger, K., Pittrow, D., Trampisch, H.J., Burghaus, I., Tepohl, G., Allenberg, J.R., Endres, H.G., Schwertfeger, M., Darius, H., & Harberl, R.L. (2010). Peripheral arterial disease as an independent predictor for excess stroke morbidity and mortality in primary-care patients: 5-year results of the getABI study. Cardiovascular Diseases, 29(6), 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1159/000306640

  12. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke. Stroke. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627#sec-3

  13. Yost, M.L. (2020). The high cost of peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia. Journal of Arterial Venous and Lymphatic Interventions. https://javelinjournal.org/the-high-cost-of-peripheral-artery-disease-and-critical-limb-ischemia/ ​

  14. Margolis, D.J., Malay, D.S., Hoffstad, O.J., Leonard, C.E., MaCurdy, T., Tan, Y., Molina, T., López de Nava, K., & Siegel, K.L. (2011). Economic burden of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations. Data Points Publication Series, #3 [internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65152/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK65152.pdf​

References
Disparities in PAD: A Growing Concern Page

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.). Social determinants of health – Healthy People 2030. Healthy People 2030. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health

  2. Cardiovascular Business. (n.d.). Peripheral artery disease is out of control in many rural, low-income communities. Cardiovascular Business. https://cardiovascularbusiness.com/topics/clinical/interventional-cardiology/peripheral-artery-disease/peripheral-artery-disease-out-control-many-rural-low-income-communities

  3. Allison, M.A., Armstrong, D.G., Goodney, P.P., Hamburg, N.M., Kirksey, L., Lancaster, K.J., Mena-Hurtado, C.I., Misra, S., Treat-Jacobsen, D.J., & Solaru, K.T.W. (2023). Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 148, 286-296. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153 ​

  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). Peripheral artery disease – Causes and risk factors. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/peripheral-artery-disease/causes

  5. Hooi, J. D., Kester, A.D.M., Stoffers, H.E.J.H., Overdijik, M.M., van Ree, J.W., & Knottnerus, J.A. (2001). Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(7), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.7.666​

  6. Divakaran, S., Krawisz, A. K., Secemsky, E. A., & Kant, S. (2023). Sex and racial disparities in peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 43(11). https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319399

  7. Divakaran, S., Krawisz, A. K., Secemsky, E. A., & Kant, S. (2023). Sex and racial disparities in peripheral artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 43(11). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10284269/

  8. Perspectives on Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Qualitative Study of Early Diagnosis and Treatment and the Impact of Health Disparities | December 2023 | Population Health Management –Article link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10698760/

  9. American Heart Association. (2024). Peripheral Artery Disease National Action Plan. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease/pad-resources/pad-action-plan

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